At the Menlo Park Neighborhood Associationβs monthly meeting, an attendee delicately brought up a question that many people have pondered over the last month.
If the city finalizes transferring 10 acres of land to the Tohono Oβodham Nation, he asked at the May 11 meeting, will the tribe build a casino there, the same way the Pascua Yaqui Tribe is building one at Grant Road and Interstate 10?
Tucson City Council member Lane Santa Cruz, the author of the land-transfer idea and the west-sideβs representative, answered this way: βNot necessarily. Iβve heard a lot of questions and buzz about that, and itβs unfortunate that we essentialize native people into just casinos.β
She went on, βWhat Iβm asking or what Iβm hoping is that we give them the opportunity to explore what would be beneficial to their community, and also as a neighbor and as a partner in Menlo Park. I can have hopes or ideas for what they do, but if weβre really talking about self-determination and agency, thatβs kind of letting them make that decision.β
This is the underlying tension in the cityβs plan to transfer the historically important acreage to the Tohono Oβodham Nation. As conceived, it is part of the βland backβ movement β returning lands to indigenous people for them to manage. But that also means that the city government is asking residents to set aside any concerns they may have about the outcome.
As Mayor Regina Romero told me Thursday morning, βOne of the first things we have to remember is that when we return land back to the indigenous community it belongs to, that they are a sovereign nation. Itβs up to the nation to decide what they want to do there.β
Some West Side residents are willing to defer to the tribe. Only that one attendee raised concerns at the Menlo Park meeting.
And when I walked Barrio Sin Nombre Thursday evening, I did not find outright opposition to the transfer β just a mix of resignation to the machinations of the powers that be and hope that the tribe shares their vision for the area.
Bear and Niki Ballesteros, working outside on the cool, cloudy evening, told me they hope that when the land is transferred, it will stay natural, and they doubted the tribe would try to build a casino there.
βI donβt think itβs enough space,β Bear Ballesteros told me.
Sovereign tribal land
The property in question is historically crucial to local history. There are archeological sites dating back 4,500 years, burial sites and the sites of old structures from the mission days in the 1700s and 1800s.
At a City Council meeting April 18, Ned Norris Jr., the chairman of the nation, expressed gratitude and noted that βWe believe as Oβodham that we are ancestors of the Hohokam. The Hohokam are those who have gone before us.β
In an interview with my colleague Nicole Ludden, Norris said the nation does not have a planned use for the site, but βwhatever the nation considers doing with that property should complement the intent of that whole area.β
In a statement Saturday, he said: "The Tohono O'odham Nation has no plans for this property. Any speculation otherwise is inaccurate and unproductive."
Once the Tohono Oβodham gain ownership, they must conform to city zoning requirements, but Norris said they will consider putting the land in trust, which would ultimately make it sovereign tribal land. This years-long process would ultimately allow them to do what they want on the land.
Itβs a similar process to the one the Tohono Oβodham Nation used to put a new casino in Glendale, and the Pascua Yaqui tribe followed to build a casino near West Grant Road and I-10.
History in Glendale
I have a hard time imagining the tribe putting a casino or similar gaming facility on the west-side site. Itβs different from the Glendale property in that it is small and also is culturally important to the Tohono Oβodham people.
But the Glendale experience also shows the tribe has not always honored the spirit of gaming agreements. Arizona voters approved the 2002 gaming compact with the understanding that no additional casinos would be built outside of existing reservations.
The next year, 2003, the Tohono Oβodham Nation used a shell company to buy 53 acres of unincorporated land next to Glendale in metro Phoenix. When in 2009 they announced the plan to bring the land into trust and build a casino there, the state government and other tribes contended they were violating the compact.
The Tohono Oβodham Nation argued everything they did was legal and that the real conflict was over the different tribesβ shares of the lucrative Phoenix market.
During years of litigation, federal judges acknowledged that the Tohono Oβodham Nationβs actions violated the common understanding of the compact but said the letter of the law let them proceed with the new casino. Now the tribe has good relations with municipal officials and is opening a new casino west of Glendale.
The legitimate representative of the deepest-rooted indigenous people in this region, the Tohono Oβodham Nation, is also a savvy operator of casinos and other businesses and an influential political player.
Little notice of plan
It was a profound moment April 18 when the City Council voted unanimously to move ahead with negotiations to complete the transfer.
βI always felt that in the city of Tucson we donβt honor and revere our indigenous people, the people who made this city possible,β Santa Cruz said. βThis move by the mayor and council to return land back to the Tohono Oβodham Nation is honoring Tucsonβs indigenous legacy, that we are still here, and that these lands are still sacred.β
The decision to proceed may have been a victory for reconciliation, but it was also a moment of top-down decision-making by the city that shut out much of the public. While some clued-in residents of Menlo Park have known about the discussions with the nation for a couple of years, most didnβt.
The woman who has led the years-long process of formulating a Menlo Park neighborhood plan, Wendy Sterner, said only a handful of people knew of and supported the plan to hand over this key parcel up until the April council meeting and May neighborhood meeting.
βLane (council member Santa Cruz) has never once engaged the Menlo Park neighborhood in a conversation about the issue, and she hasnβt acted as if she believes that people most impacted by development should have any say in the fate of that land,β she said in an email.
βIn short, gifting the land to the TO (Tohono Oβodham Nation) has not been a part of the neighborhood plan, or openly considered in formulating the plan.β
Former neighborhood association president Zach Yentzer, who took part in the planning process, said βvery little consultationβ about the transfer idea. He added, βItβs hard to have a master plan when a huge chunk is not on the table.β
Kylie Walzak, the current president of the neighborhood association, expressed support for the transfer plan at the May 11 meeting but noted last week that the association has not taken a formal position on it.
βBetter stewards than the cityβ
The transfer takes place against the backdrop of city elections this year. Santa Cruz has opposition in the primary and general elections, and Romero will have opposition in the general election. Ward 1 Democratic primary candidate Miguel Ortega declined to comment on the transfer.
Within the neighborhood, there might be more opposition to the transfer idea if action on this land hadnβt been stalled for so long. When voters approved the Rio Nuevo plan in 1998, the idea was that it would become a Tucson Origins Heritage Park.
It wasnβt widely understood, though, that much of the empty land from the Santa Cruz River to South Grande Avenue was an undevelopable landfill. Twenty-five years later, the Mission Garden exists, Caterpillarβs big new office is there, but little else has been done on the land because it costs so much to remediate the landfills.
The tribeβs taking over these 10 acres offers hope that something good will happen, along with a little trepidation.
βI think theyβll be better stewards than the city was when they did the dump sites,β area resident Raul Ramirez said of the Tohono Oβodham Nation.
Thatβs almost certainly true. Still, it strikes me as unfair to residents who live nearby and have been working on a neighborhood plan to tell them that the land transfer is a good thing, but they shouldnβt question what will happen on the land.
Itβs the job of city officials to ask those questions and get those answers, not to tell residents that questioning is out of bounds.